1. This Regulation applies to natural and legal persons and certain other undertakings that are engaged in the issuance, offer to the public and admission to trading of crypto-assets or that provide services related to crypto-assets in the Union.

2. This Regulation does not apply to:

(a) persons who provide crypto-asset services exclusively for their parent companies, for their own subsidiaries or for other subsidiaries of their parent companies;

(b) a liquidator or an administrator acting in the course of an insolvency procedure, except for the purposes of Article 47;

(c) the ECB, central banks of the Member States when acting in their capacity as monetary authorities, or other public authorities of the Member States;

(d) the European Investment Bank and its subsidiaries;

(e) the European Financial Stability Facility and the European Stability Mechanism;

(f) public international organisations.

3. This Regulation does not apply to crypto-assets that are unique and not fungible with other crypto-assets.

4. This Regulation does not apply to crypto-assets that qualify as one or more of the following: